Toxicity of Anionic Polyacrylamide Formulations when Used for Erosion Control in Agriculture
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Toxicity of anionic polyacrylamide formulations when used for erosion control in agriculture.
Addition of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to agricultural irrigation water can dramatically reduce erosion of soils. However, the toxicity of PAM to aquatic life, while often claimed to be low, has not been thoroughly evaluated. Five PAM formulations, including two oil-based products, one water-based product, one granular product and one tablet product, were evaluated for acute and/or chronic to...
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Splash erosion is recognized as the first stage in the process of erosion that results in bombardment of the soil's surface with rain drops. Two basic processes in soil erosion are the dispersement of soil particles by rain drops and the changes caused to the soil's structure, which are then moved by runoff. In this research,the effect of various polyacrylamide (PAM)values (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 ...
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Polyacrylamide (PAM) is used at rates of i to 2 kg ha per irrigation on a half million hectares of United States irrigated farmland to prevent 94% of irrigation-induced erosion and to enhance infiltration by i5% to 5o% on medium to fine-textured soils. The polyacrylamides used for this application are large (i2 to i5 megagrams per mole), water-soluble anion molecules applied in the irrigation s...
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Currently gravity irrigation remains the most widely used in agricultural areas and 90 percent of plantings, the water is applied to the plots by gravity. One of the main problems with these systems is erosion, which is a by product of the erosive forces of water over the row, which brings soil loss and therefore decreases in crop yield. Erosion is the removal of surface soil material caused by...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Environmental Quality
سال: 2009
ISSN: 0047-2425
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0109